Pronouns

Уӕ райсом хорз, everyone.

Pronouns are the words we use to express the viewpoint from which a story is seen or understood, 'I, you, we, they'. There are several different forms of the pronouns, and some can only be used under certain circumstances, such as the short form only being used with direct and indirect objects. In usual fashion, I am referring to Abaev's writing as my primary source, others will be cited as needed.

Personal Pronouns

Personal pronouns come in three forms: full, short (enclitic), and reflexive-personal.

Full Form, First Person (singular)

Nominative - Ӕз (дӕн), 'I (am)'.

Genitive - мӕн Inessive - NIL

Dative - мӕнӕн Adessive - мӕныл

Allative - мӕнмӕ/мӕмӕ Equative - мӕнау

Ablative - мӕнӕй Comitative - мeмӕ

Second Person (singular)

Nominative - ды (дӕ), 'you (are)'.

Genitive - дӕу Inessive - NIL

Dative - дӕуӕн Adessive - дӕуыл

Allative - дӕумӕ Equative - дӕуау

Ablative - дӕуӕй Comitative - дeмӕ

Third Person (singular)

Abaev states that the singular form here is the same as the demonstrative pronoun for distant objects, in the singular. In English this would be rendered as something along the lines of 'that (person) over there'.

Distant Objects/3rd Person (that, they):

Nominative - Уый

Genitive - уый

Dative - уымӕн

Allative - уымӕ

Ablative - уымӕй

Inessive -уым

Adessive - ууыл

Equative - уыйау

Comitative - уыиимӕ

First/Second Person (plural)

In both cases, the nominative and genitive have the same form

First Person:

Nominative - Мах, 'we'.

Genitive - мах Inessive - NIL

Dative - махӕн Adessive - махыл

Allative - махмӕ Equative - махау

Ablative - махӕй Comitative - махимӕ

Second Person:

Nominative - Сымах, 'you'.

Genitive - сымах Inessive - NIL

Dative - сымахӕн Adessive - сымахыл

Allative - сымахмӕ Equative - сымахау

Ablative - сымахӕй Comitative - сымахимӕ

Third Person Plural

The third person plural form is characterized by the stem 'у-', and is identical to the demonstrative pronoun for distant objects, in the plural.

Close Objects (these) Distant Objects (those, they plural):

Nominative - адон Nominative - Уыдон

Genitive - адоны Genitive - Уыдоны

Dative - адонӕн Dative - уыдонӕн

Allative - адонмӕ Allative - уыдонмӕ

Ablative - адонӕй Ablative - уыдонӕй

Inessive -адоны Inessive - уыдоны

Adessive - адон Adessive - Уыдон

Equative - адонау Equative - Уыдонау

Comitative - адонимӕ Comitative - Уыдонимӕ

Short Form (enclitic, singular)

Abaev writes that the short form is used only as a direct or indirect object with predicates, but their genitive case also carries the possessive function. There is no nominative case-ending in this form.

First Person: Second Person: Third Person:

Genitive - мӕ дӕ йӕ, ӕй

Dative - мын дын йын, ын